This dataset comprises whole-rock geochemical data from paleosol samples collected in the Esplugafreda Formation (Tremp-Graus Basin, NE Spain). The dataset includes concentrations of major elements (e.g., Al₂O₃, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃), minor elements, and trace elements obtained through geochemical analyses. In addition, geochemical proxies derived from these data are provided in the same dataset, including weathering indices (e.g., CIA-K, CALMAG), elemental ratios (e.g., Ti/Al, U/Th), and paleoclimatic estimates such as mean annual precipitation (MAP). These data were generated to investigate paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions associated with paleosol development, with particular emphasis on climatic variations across stratigraphic intervals.